What is Tense? (काल भनेको के हो?)

Tense refers to the time of an action or event. It shows when something happens – in the present, past, or future.
काल भनेको क्रियाले देखाउने समय हो। यसले कार्य कहिले भइरहेको छ भन्ने जनाउँछ – वर्तमान, भूतकाल, वा भविष्य।

There are three types of simple tenses:

1. Simple Present Tense (वर्तमान साधारण काल) – Actions happening now or regularly.
2. Simple Past Tense (भूतकाल साधारण काल) – Actions that happened before.
3. Simple Future Tense (भविष्यत साधारण काल) – Actions that will happen later.

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1. Simple Present Tense (वर्तमान साधारण काल)

Definition:

Simple Present Tense is used to express daily routines, habits, universal truths, and facts.
वर्तमान साधारण काल दैनिक कार्य, बानी, सत्य कुराहरू, र तथ्यहरू बताउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ।

Structure:

Subject + V¹ (Base Verb) + s/es (for he, she, it) + Object
Sub + क्रिया (मूलरूप) + s/es (he, she, it का लागि) + वस्तु

Affirmative Sentences (सकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I eat rice.	म भात खान्छु।
He reads a book.	ऊ किताब पढ्छ।
They play football.	उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्छन्।
The sun rises in the east.	सूर्य पूर्वबाट उदाउँछ।
She sings a song.	उनी एउटा गीत गाउँछिन् l
We go to school.	हामी स्कूल जान्छौं।
Birds fly in the sky.	चराहरू आकाशमा उड्छन्।
He writes a letter.	उसले पत्र लेख्छ l
I drink water.	म पानी खान्छु।
She dances well.	उनी राम्रो नृत्य गर्छिन् l

Negative Sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I do not eat rice.	म भात खान्न।
He does not read a book.	ऊ किताब पढ्दैन।
They do not play football.	उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्दैनन्।
The sun does not rise in the west.	सूर्य पश्चिमबाट उदाउँदैन।
She does not sing a song.	ऊ गीत गाउदिन।
We do not go to school.	हामी स्कूल जाँदैनौं।
Birds do not fly under water.	चराहरू पानीमुनि उड्दैनन्।
He does not write a letter.	ऊ चिठी लेख्दैन।
I do not drink water.	म पानी खान्न।
She does not dance well.	ऊ राम्रो नाच्दिन।

Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
Do I eat rice?	के म भात खान्छु?
Does he read a book?	के ऊ किताब पढ्छ?
Do they play football?	के उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्छन्?
Does the sun rise in the east?	के सूर्य पूर्वबाट उदाउँछ?
Does she sing a song?	के ऊ गीत गाउछे?
Do we go to school?	के हामी स्कूल जान्छौं?
Do birds fly in the sky?	के चराहरू आकाशमा उड्छन्?
Does he write a letter?	के ऊ चिठी लेख्छ?
Do I drink water?	के म पानी खान्छु?
Does she dance well?	के ऊ राम्रो नाच्छे?

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Simple Past Tense (भूतकाल साधारण काल)

Definition:

Simple Past Tense is used to express completed actions in the past.
भूतकाल साधारण काल भूतकालमा भइसकेका घटनाहरू बताउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ।

Structure:

Subject + V² (Past Form of Verb) + Object
Sub + क्रियाको भूतकाल रूप (V²) + वस्तु

Affirmative Sentences (सकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I ate rice.	मैले भात खाएँ।
She went to school.	ऊ स्कूल गइन्।
They played football.	उनीहरूले फुटबल खेले।
He studied all night.	उसले रातभरि पढ्यो।
We visited the zoo.	हामी चिडियाखाना गयौं।
He wrote a letter.	उसले चिठी लेख्यो।
The sun set at 6 PM.	सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्तायो।
She sang a song.	उनले एउटा गीत गाइन् l
I watched a movie.	मैले फिल्म हेरेँ।
Birds flew in the sky.	चराहरू आकाशमा उडे।

Negative Sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I did not eat rice.	मैले भात खाइन।
She did not go to school.	ऊ स्कूल गइन।
They did not play football.	उनीहरूले फुटबल खेलेनन्।
He did not study all night.	उसले रातभरि पढेन।
We did not visit the zoo.	हामी चिडियाखाना गएनौं।
He did not write a letter.	उसले चिठी लेखेन।
The sun did not set at 6 PM.	सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्ताएन।
She did not sing a song.	ऊ गीत गाइन।
I did not watch a movie.	मैले फिल्म हेरेन।
Birds did not fly in the sky.	चराहरू आकाशमा उडेका थिएनन्।

Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
Did I eat rice?	के मैले भात खाएँ?
Did she go to school?	के ऊ स्कूल गइन्?
Did they play football?	के उनीहरूले फुटबल खेले?
Did he study all night?	के उसले रातभरि पढ्यो?
Did we visit the zoo?	के हामी चिडियाखाना गयौं?
Did he write a letter?	के उसले चिठी लेख्यो?
Did the sun set at 6 PM?	के सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्तायो?
Did she sing a song?	के ऊ गीत गाइन्?
Did I watch a movie?	के मैले फिल्म हेरेँ?
Did birds fly in the sky?	के चराहरू आकाशमा उडे?

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Simple Future Tense (भविष्यत साधारण काल)

Definition:

Simple Future Tense is used to express actions that will happen in the future.
भविष्यत साधारण काल भविष्यमा हुने कार्यहरू बताउन प्रयोग गरिन्छ।

Structure:

Subject + will/shall + V¹ (Base Verb) + Object
Sub + will/shall + क्रिया (मूलरूप) + वस्तु

Affirmative Sentences (सकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I will eat rice.	म भोलि भात खानेछु।
She will go to school.	ऊ स्कूल जानेछे।
They will play football.	उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्नेछन्।
He will study tomorrow.	ऊ भोलि पढ्नेछ।
We will visit the zoo.	हामी चिडियाखाना जानेछौं।
He will write a letter.	उसले पत्र लेख्नेछ l
The sun will set at 6 PM.	सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्ताउनेछ।
She will sing a song.	उसले एउटा गीत गाउनेछ l
I will watch a movie.	म फिल्म हेर्नेछु।
Birds will fly in the sky.	चराहरू आकाशमा उड्नेछन्।

Negative Sentences (नकारात्मक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
I will not eat rice.	म भोलि भात खानेछैन।
She will not go to school.	ऊ स्कूल जानेछैन।
They will not play football.	उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्नेछैनन्।
He will not study tomorrow.	ऊ भोलि पढ्नेछैन।
We will not visit the zoo.	हामी चिडियाखाना जानेछैनौं।
He will not write a letter.	ऊ चिठी लेख्नेछैन।
The sun will not set at 6 PM.	सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्ताउनेछैन।
She will not sing a song.	ऊ गीत गाउनेछैन।
I will not watch a movie.	म फिल्म हेर्नेछैन।
Birds will not fly in the sky.	चराहरू आकाशमा उड्नेछैनन्।

Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यहरू)

English Sentence	Nepali Meaning (नेपाली अर्थ)
Will I eat rice?	के म भोलि भात खानेछु?
Will she go to school?	के ऊ स्कूल जानेछे?
Will they play football?	के उनीहरू फुटबल खेल्नेछन्?
Will he study tomorrow?	के ऊ भोलि पढ्नेछ?
Will we visit the zoo?	के हामी चिडियाखाना जानेछौं?
Will he write a letter?	के ऊ चिठी लेख्नेछ?
Will the sun set at 6 PM?	के सूर्य बेलुका ६ बजे अस्ताउनेछ?
Will she sing a song?	के ऊ गीत गाउनेछे?
Will I watch a movie?	के म फिल्म हेर्नेछु?
Will birds fly in the sky?	के चराहरू आकाशमा उड्नेछन्?